Ancient Treasures from the Republic of Turkey: The Golden Age of King Midas, Exclusive World Premiere Exhibition, Opening February 13 at the Penn Museum	Print Issue
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What was behind the legendary story of King Midas and his golden touch?

That is the question to be answered—not with chests full of gold, but with a spectacular array of 150 objects, including more than 120 specially loaned ancient artifacts from four museums in the Republic of Turkey, keys to telling the true story of a very real and powerful ruler of the Phrygian kingdom. The Golden Age of King Midas is an exclusive, world premiere exhibition developed by the Penn Museum, in partnership with the Republic of Turkey. A special Opening Celebration on Saturday, February 13 will kick off the exhibition, which runs through November 27.

King Midas lived in the prosperous city of Gordion, a site in what is now central Turkey, circa 750-700 BCE, ruling Phrygia and influencing the neighboring kingdoms. He likely reigned during the time in which Homer’s Iliad was first written down. It was indeed a golden age.

An East-West Cutting of the Gordian Knot

The exhibition opens with fanfare at 11 a.m., as representatives of the Republic of Turkey join Penn Museum Director Julian Siggers, exhibition curator Brian Rose and exhibition team members for a symbolic cutting of the “Gordian Knot,” the official opening of the new show.

One of history’s the most important accounts involves Alexander the Great’s 333 BCE visit to Gordion, where he purportedly cut the “Gordian Knot.”

A special experience awaits guests at the opening weekend only: Penn Museum’s third floor Pepper Hall will be transformed into a Kervansaray-inspired oasis reminiscent of the Turkish Kervansaray, or roadside inns, that offered travelers a place to recover from a day’s journey and supported the flow of commerce, information and people across the Silk Road. Visitors to the Museum will be able to travel back in time to the Ottoman Empire as they wander through, and rest among, ikats and other textiles from the Silk Road, hand-knotted carpets from Turkey, hand-crafted copper pots and metal trays, tiles and plates, ottomans covered with Turkish kilims, hand-knotted saddle and camel bags from the region and traditional tent decorations. This special experience is made possible courtesy of Material Culture, a Philadelphia purveyor of antiques and collectibles from around the world. 

Phrygian fashion costume modeled by Jess Holler, a Penn grad student , majoring in English. Guests at the opening for the King Midas exhibition at the Penn Museum will see a Phrygian fashion review with several of these costumes flown in direct from Turkey for the event on Saturday, February 13. Photograph by Marguerite F. Miller.

Archaeologists from the Penn Museum (the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology) have been excavating at Gordion—and making international headlines with their discoveries—since 1950. The crossroads of many cultures over time, Gordion offers insight into thousands of years of history, but it is best known as the political and cultural capital of the Phrygians, a people who dominated much of what is now Turkey, nearly 3,000 years ago. With its monumental architecture and a series of wealthy tombs belonging to Phrygian royalty and elites, Gordion has supplied the most important archaeological evidence for the unique material achievements of the once great Phrygian civilization.

From Myth to Man

Nearly 3,000 years after his death, we know King Midas by unforgettable stories told by ancient Greeks long after he was dead, stories like King Midas and the Golden Touch and King Midas and the Donkey Ears. An interactive “myth book” will invite guests to explore the stories, while artifacts and excavation discoveries detailed throughout the exhibition begin to reveal the man behind the myths. The most extensive record of Midas’ activities comes from the annual records of the Assyrian kings, who referred to him as Mita, ruler of Mushku (Phrygia), on a clay tablet, ca. 713 BCE, on loan from the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago for the exhibition.

A detailed timeline will draw guests into the exhibition and back in time. It is at Gordion where the story of Midas’ actual life and times truly emerges. One object from Greece takes center stage: an ivory lion tamer figurine on loan from the Delphi Archaeological Museum; it probably formed part of a throne dedicated by Midas to Apollo in the late 8th century BCE.

A Unique Opportunity

In 1957, the Penn Museum excavated a spectacular tomb, referred to as Tumulus MM, for Midas Mound. This was the largest of about 120 man-made mounds of earth, clay and stone used to mark important burials at Gordion. Dated to ca. 740 BCE, it is believed to be the final resting place of King Midas’ father Gordios—a son’s spectacular tribute. The archaeologists entered the tomb, the oldest standing wooden building in the world, and beheld an extraordinary sight: the skeleton of a king in what was left of a cedar coffin, surrounded by the bronze bowls, serving vessels, wooden tables and food remains from an extensive funeral banquet. The details of the banquet we now know thanks to the analysis of the sediment at the bottom of the vessels: a hearty lamb and lentil stew, and ample quantities of a drink containing wine, beer and honey mead.

The discovery of an intact royal tomb nearly 3,000 years old is highly unusual, as is the excellent state of preservation of the associated artifacts.

Guests at The Golden Age of King Midas will meet a life-sized photograph of archaeologist Rodney Young at the entrance of a space designed to resemble the wooden tomb and featuring many of the very objects the excavators first encountered. Inside this space, a video experience lets visitors explore the tomb as if they were in the tomb itself when it was sealed nearly 3,000 years ago. Now housed in Turkish Museums in Ankara, Istanbul, Antalya and Gordion, most of these extraordinary artifacts have never before traveled to the United States. Site videos, including scenes taken during the world-famous excavation in 1957, bring guests into the moment of discovery.

There are no known visual records of what King Midas looked like, but if he resembled his father, there is some intriguing evidence. In 1988, the Penn Museum worked with John Prag and Richard Neave of the University of Manchester to develop a reconstructed plaster head of Gordios based on his skeletal remains; a plaster cast will be on display in the exhibition. With it is a selection from an assortment of 189 large bronze fibulae, used for pinning garments, that were found in King Midas’ father’s tomb and in others; they may have been used as calling cards at the elaborate funerals.

Objects from five smaller tombs excavated at Gordion—including a child’s tomb that contained an elegant and distinctive goat-shaped jug—provide more information about the site and the people who lived and died there. While no gold was found in the largest tomb, jewelry from a later tomb, ca. 530 BCE, is featured, including a distinctive gold acorn necklace.

Midas on the World Stage

Gordion is immense, about 2.5 miles wide. Penn Museum continues excavations and conservation projects on and around the citadel, a high fortress at the heart of Phrygia’s capital city, where hundreds of people lived and worked. A 3-D model of the citadel, enlivened by light and sound projections, offers guests a bird’s eye view. In the 1950s, archaeologists uncovered the oldest colored pebble mosaic floor known in the world in a large citadel building. Dated to the late 9th century BCE, it measures 35 by 31 feet; a recently conserved section of that floor, roughly five feet long, will be on display in the exhibition.

The story of King Midas is the story of influence and power on an international stage with neighboring kingdoms on all sides. Here, the Penn Museum’s own collections shine: visitors will be introduced to the spectacular gold work of the nomadic Scythians and the Lydians; distinctive metalwork of the Urartian Empire; monumental stone and ivory reliefs of the Assyrians; and stone sculpture of powerful Persia, which conquered Gordion in the 6th century BCE. An animated map provides a flyover of the region during and just after Midas’ time.

A partial view inside Tumulus MM—the burial chamber of a Phrygian ruler, probably the father of King Midas. Tumulus MM is the oldest known intact wooden building in the world. One of the three cauldrons found inside the tomb, probably all used for beer, features two siren attachments and two bearded demon attachments. Bronze drinking bowls are scattered across the floor of the tomb chamber, dated to circa 740 BCE, and excavated by the Penn Museum in 1957. Photo: 1957, Penn Museum Gordion Archive, G-2390. This bronze petalled drinking bowl features an omphalos design, popular for men of power in antiquity, and used for the funeral banquet. The omphalos is the molding that protrudes from the center of the bowl. Hollow on the inside, it provided a safe finger-grip for the person holding the vessel. It was one of many such bowls excavated in 1957 in Tumulus MM, the burial chamber of a Phrygian ruler, probably the father of King Midas. The bowl is dated to circa 740 BCE. Dimensions—Height: 2.7 inches. Diameter: 8.6 inches. Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara. Photo:  Courtesy, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations

Gordion After Midas

While the Phrygian period at Gordion is the most renowned, this strategically situated site contains thousands of years of history, and the exhibition sheds light on what happened in Gordion in the centuries after King Midas ruled.

Guests will see fragments—and remarkable watercolor recreations by renowned archaeological illustrator Piet De Jong—of the famous “Painted House” built about 500 BCE, and excavated in Gordion’s citadel during the 1950s. The Painted House murals provide a rare glimpse into the religious rituals of the citadel’s residents, and the lives of its women, 200 years after the death of King Midas.

King Midas and the Golden Touch’s exhibition curator Brian Rose and Penn Museum Director Jullian Siggers in the Kervansaray-inspired oasis reminiscent of the Turkish Kervansaray, or roadside inns that offered travelers a place to recover from a day’s journey, and supported the flow of commerce, information, and people across the Silk Road. Visitors to the Penn Museum on February 13 will see be able to experience this oasis. Photograph by Marguerite F. Miller.

The Exhibition Team

Dr. Rose, the Penn Museum’s Gordion Archaeological Project director, who worked with Turkish colleagues to select the loaned artifacts, will give a lecture at 11:30 a.m. during the Opening. Kate Quinn, exhibition and public programs director, led the exhibition team that included in-house interpretive planner Jessica Bicknell and a team of in-house designers, as well as outside collaborators including Night Kitchen Interactive and Wish Design, Painting and Sculpture.

The Golden Age of King Midas is made possible with support from the 1984 Foundation; the Selz Foundation; Frederick J. Manning, W’69, and the Manning Family; the Susan Drossman Sokoloff and Adam D. Sokoloff Exhibitions Fund; the Turkish Cultural Foundation; and Joan Bachman in honor of Mary Bert Gutman.

Ticket Prices and Special Programs

Admission to the special exhibition The Golden Age of King Midas (includes general admission) is $20/adults; $18/senior citizens (65 and above); $15/children and full-time students with ID; $5/active military.

Admission is free for Penn Museum members, PennCard holders and children five and younger. For more information about membership, including exclusive membership Midas programs, call (215) 898-5093. The Penn Museum has developed a range of special events, from scholarly symposia to children’s and family programs, for the exhibition.